History

According to historical records, there was already a small city on the site of present-day Beijing 3,000 years ago. It was in the 12th century during the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234) that Beijing became a capital city for the first time. At that time, there were no hutongs in Beijing, just streets and roads. Hutongs first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) after the original city was destroyed during a war. Most of the hutongs still in existence today date from the Ming (1368 - 1644) and Qing (1644 - 1911) dynasties.

It is still possible to find some from the Yuan Dynasty. For instance, the Zhuanta Hutong on Xisi in the west of the city is one such ancient hutong. In dramas written during the Yuan period, the Zhuanta Hutong is often mentioned. The area was also the home of famous playwright Guan Hanqing, China's Shakespeare of the Yuan Dynasty.

In the Tang Dynasty, the city, then named Youzhou, was divided into 28 walled residential districts guarded by sentries. A curfew was enforced at night. Youzhou was renamed Xijunfu in the Liao Dynasty and the city was divided into 26 residential districts. In the Jin Dynasty it became Zhongdu (the Central Capital) and was divided again into 60 residential areas. Under the Yuan, the city was renamed Dadu (Great Capital) and divided into 50 districts, including Jintaifang (Golden Terrace District) and Wendefang (Literature and Morality District).

The 33 neighborhoods of the eastern, western, northern, southern and central districts were established under the Ming emperors Hongwu (reigned 1368-1398) and Jianwen (reigned 1399-1402). The figure increased to 40 after the time of Emperor Yongle (reigned1403-1424).

The Qing rulers made use of the existing city structure and divided the capital into five districts, reducing the number of residential districts to 10. During the last years of Dynasty, the old residential district system was abolished and Beijing divided into 10 outer districts and 12 inner districts. The city is now divided into four districts -- East City, West City, Chongwen and Xuanwu -- each of these comprised of numerous sub districts.

Beijing's best known hutongs are of three types: centers of government offices, residential areas for nobles and officials, and old markets. Lumicang (Salary Rice Granary) Hutongs, in the neighborhood of today' s Nanxiao Street, is the site of the former nine imperial granaries of the late Ming and early Qing. Each year, large amounts of grain were brought in from Zhejing Province to the capital and stored in Lumicang District. Hutongs in the area took on the names of the various granaries, names that have stuck to this day. Then there's Xishiku (Western General Warehouse) Alley off Xi' anmennei Street, once called Houku Dajie (Back Warehouse Street) for its 10 warehouses serving the imperial palaces and gardens.

Dongchang (Eastern Prosperity) Hutong, originally called Dongchang (eastern Yard) Hutong, located south of the National Art Galley, was named in the Yongle period for the offices of the newly created eunuch administration. The Dongchang had a reputation for terrorizing innocent people. It was here that the eunuchs Liu Jin and Wei Zhongxian had numerous people, including members of the imperial family, high officials and nobles, put to death.

The second group of hutongs is named after the officials or nobles who resided there. When Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty established Beijing as the capital, most of his officials moved from Nanjing. The alleys they lived in took on their names. Yongkang Hutong in the north was originally named Marquis Yongkang Lane after the Yongkang Marquis, Xu Zhong. Sanbulao (ThreeNever-Old) Hutong on the West City District was originally named Sanbao Laodie (Father Sanbao) Alley after the "Sanbao" court eunuch, Zheng He, who lived there. Sanbao is a corruption of the original name; Laodie is a term of respect for an elder person.

In the East City District is the Red Star Hutong, once named His Excellency Wuliang (Immeasurable) Alley, taken from the name of Emperor Hongwu's general Wu Liang (Written differently from wuliang, immeasurable). In Xisi (Western Four Archways), there are the Front, middle and Rear Maojiawan hutongs, said to have once been home of the Ming Dynasty scholar Mao Wenjian.

Finally. There are those hutongs, which derive their names from old markets and trading centers. These include Xianyukou (Fresh Fish Market), Luomasi (Horse and Mule Market), Gangwasi (Pottery Market), Yangsi (Goat Market), Meisi (Coal Market) and Zhubaosi (Jewelry Market). Other hutongs are named for historical sites and ancient relics. Qilinbei (Unicorn Stela) Hutong, north of Eastern Di' anmen Street, is named for a Ming Dynasty stela that once stood at its entrance.

Anecdotes and legends abound. There is a slab of stone, the top(or "hat") of which is carved into a beautiful branch of plum blossoms with a crescent moon at its tip in the Xianyougong Illustrious Blessing Hall) in Mao' er (Hat) Alley. Story has it that there was a "plum blossom girl"who painted such lovely blossoms in the old days.

 

Near the Forbidden City in the heart of old Beijing is a hutong called "the Weaving Girl" named after the daughter of a god who descended to the human world with her sisters to swim in a river and then proceeded to fall in love with a cowherd. Her enraged father, the Celestial Emperor, took the girl back and separated the couple with the Milky Way. On the opposite side of the Forbidden City, there used to be a Cowherd Bridge. Flanked by the cowherd and the weaving girl, the suggestion was that the feudal emperors living in the Forbidden City were the sons of Heaven.